Mildred Christian Ph.D, Fellow, ATS
 Member of the Board of Directors
Member of the Scientific Advisory Board

Mildred Christian Ph.D is President and CEO of Argus International, Inc. and Executive Director of Research of Argus Research Laboratories, Inc., in Horsham, PA and of Redfield Laboratories in Redfield Arkansas. She is also Executive Director of Science and Compliance of Primedica and is responsible for scientific integrity and regulatory compliance a corporate-wide basis (including Primedica Argus, Redfield and Worcester facilities). Dr. Christian obtained her Ph.D. from Thomas Jefferson University in developmental anatomy and has been active in industrial toxicology for more than 30 years. Since founding Argus Research Laboratories in 1979, and Argus International in 1980, she has monitored, supervised and/or participated in performance and evaluation and submission of developmental ("teratology"), reproductive and general toxicology evaluations performed in-house and under contract including personal involvement in over 1400 studies from protocol to final report.

Through Argus International, which provides consulting services in regulatory affairs for industry, government agencies, law firms and professional organizations both in the United States and internationally, she has been involved in the development and/or submission of over 300 agents. She has also participated in more than 30 mock FDA/EPA inspections of facilities and served as an auditor on Argus' National Toxicology Program contracts.

Dr. Christian has developed and presented courses in Quality Assurance, multiple areas of toxicology and regulatory affairs and position papers for chemical and pharmaceutical companies, the U.S. FDA, the U.S. EPA, the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment and the OECD. She also reviews data for risk assessments for clients and performs literature reviews for clients requiring information on potential hazards. Recently she has appeared as an expert witness in several cases involving potential reproductive and developmental risks.

She is an active member of 20 professional organizations, including Honorary Membership of the Society for Quality Assurance, is a Past-President of the Teratology Society, the American College of Toxicology the Thomas Jefferson University Alumni Association, and the Academy of Toxicological Sciences, a founding member of the SOT Specialty Section on Reproduc-tive Toxicology and has served on or chaired multiple committees of the organizations to which she belongs. She is Founding Editor of the International Journal of the American College of Toxicology and was its Editor-in-Chief for 10 years. She also serves as a reviewer of scientific publications in Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology and Teratology. She has edited and/or contributed to several major text books and is author of over 120 papers and abstracts published in US and international journals.

The following is a list of publications of Dr. Mildred Christian, selected from more than 120 published peer-review articles, review papers and books.

  • Rothenberg, S.J., Parker, R.M., York, R.G., Dearlove, G.E., Martin, M.M., Denny, K.H., Lief, S.D., Hoberman, A.M. and Christian, M.S. (2000). Lack of effects of nose-only inhalation exposure on testicular toxicity in male rats. TOXICOL. SCI. 53(1):127-34.
  • Christian, M.S., Parker, R.M., Hoberman, A.M., Diener, R.M. and Api, A.M. (1999). Developmental toxicity studies of four fragrances in rats. TOXICOL. LETT. 111(1-2):169-74.
  • Bussiere, J.L., Hardy, L.M., Peterson, M., Foss, J.A, Garman, R.H., Hoberman, A.M., Christian, M.S. (1999). Lack of developmental neurotoxicity of MN rgp 120/HIV-1 administered subcutaneously to neonatal rats. TOXICOL. SCI. 48(1):90-9.
  • Bachmann, S., Hellwig, J., Jäckh, R. and Christian, M.S. (1998). Uterotrophic assay of two concentrations of migrates from each of 23 polystyrenes administered orally (by gavage) to immature female Wistar rats. DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOL., 1 (Suppl. 1):1-30.
  • Christian, M.S., Hoberman, A.M., Johnson, M.D., Brown, R.W. and Bucci, T.J. (1998). Effect of dietary optimization on growth, survival, tumor incidences and clinical pathology parameters in CD Sprague-Dawley and Fischer-344 rats: a 104-week study. DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOL. 21(1):97-117.
  • Christian, M.S., Hoberman, A.M., Bachmann, S., Hellwig, J. (1998). Variability in the uterotrophic response assay (an in vivo estrogenic response assay) in untreated control and positive control (DES, 2.5 ?g/kg, bid) Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOL., 1 (Suppl. 1):51-100.
  • Christian, M.S., Mitala, J.J., Powers, Jr., W.J., McKenzie, B.E., Latriano, L. (1997). A developmental toxicity study of tretinoin emollient cream (Renova7) applied topically to New Zealand white rabbits. J. AM. ACAD. DERMATOL. 36:S67-S76.
  • Kochhar, D.V., Christian, M.S. (1997). Tretinoin: A review of the nonclinical developmental toxicology experience. J. AM. ACAD. DERMATOL. 36:S47-S59).
  • Christian, M.S., Hoberman, A.M. (1996). Perspectives on the U.S., EEC and Japanese developmental toxicity guidelines. Chapter 18 in Handbook of Developmental Toxicology. (Hood, R.D., ed.), pp. 551-596.
  • Christian, M.S., Goeke, J.G. (1996). Quality concerns for developmental toxicologists. Chapter 17 in Handbook of Developmental Toxicology. (Hood, R.D., ed.), pp. 529-550.
  • Bussiere, J. L, Hardy, L.M., Hoberman, A.M., Foss, J.A., Christian, M.S. (1996). Reproductive Effects of Chronic Administration of Murine Interferon-Gamma. REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 10(5):379-391.
  • Christian, M.S. (1996). Review of reproductive and developmental toxicity of 1,3-butadiene. TOXICOLOGY 113:137-143
  • Hoberman, A.M., Christian, M.S., Lovre, S., Roth, R, Koschier, F. (1995). Developmental toxicity study of clarified slurry oil (CSO) in the rat. FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, 28:23-40.
  • Hoberman, A.M., Christian, M.S., Roth, R., Lovre, S., and Koschier, F. (1995). Reproductive toxicity study of clarified slurry oil in the rat. J. AMER. COL. TOXICOL., 14(2):119-128.
  • Mermelstein, R., Morrow, P.E., Christian, M.S., Letter to the Editor: Organ or system overload and its regulatory implications. J. AMER COL. TOXICOL., (1994). 13(2): 143-147.
  • Sato, T., Lochry, E.A., Hoberman, A.M., Christian, M.S. (1994). Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of Tazobactam/Piperacillin or Tazobactam (1). Fertility and general reproduction study in rats with intraperitoneal administration. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 19:119-24.
  • Sato, T., Lochry, E.A., Hoberman, A.M., Christian, M.S. (1994). Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of Tazobactam/Piperacillin or Tazobactam (2). Teratological study in rats with intravenous administration. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 19:215-232.
  • Sato, T., Hoberman, A.M., Christian, M.S. (1994). Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of Tazobactam/Piperacillin or Tazobactam (3). Perinatal and postnatal study in rats with intraperitoneal administration. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 19:233-47.
  • Soltys, R.A., Myhre, J.L., Schroeder, J., Christian, M.S., Hoberman, A.M. (1994). Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of ceronapril in rats and dogs by oral administration. JPN PHARMACOL. THER. 22:8:41-67.
  • Christian, M.S. (1993). Harmonization of reproductive guidelines: a perspective from the International Federation of Teratology Societies. J. AMER. COL. TOXICOL. 11(3):299-302.
  • Parent, R.A., Caravello, H.E., Christian, M.S., Hoberman, A.M. (1993). Developmental toxicity of acrolein in New Zealand white rabbits. FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY. 20:248-256.
  • Christian, M.S. (1993) Is there any place for non-mammalian in vitro test? REPROD. TOXICOL. 7, Supp. 1:99-102.
  • Christian, M.S. (1993). Problems in developmental toxicology caused by incorrect use of terminology. J. AMER. COL. TOXICOL. 12(4): 323-328.
  • Christian, M.S. (1991). Study-planning with science and compliance as the driving forces. J. AMER. COL. TOXICOL. 10:3 pp. 381-386.
  • Hoar, R.M., Christian, M.S. (1991). Conducting developmental toxicity studies using the ferret: retinoic acid as a positive control. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES. Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 117-124.
  • Lochry, E.A., Foss, J.A., Christian, M.S. (1991). Behavioral testing in reproductive/developmental toxicity studies. J. AMER. COL. TOXICOL. Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 585-591.
  • Kwarta, R.F., Jr., Hemm, R.D., Pollock, J.J., Christian M.S., Usui, T., Suzuki, M., Yago, N. (1991). Levonorgestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol study of fertility and reproductive performance with behavioral and reproductive assessment of the offspring (Seg I-Phase I-Female Rat). Oyo Takuri (Japanese) PHARMACOMETRICS, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 313-326.
  • Kwarta, R.F., Jr., Hemm R.D., Pollock, J.J., Christian, M.S., Usui, T., Suzuki, M., Yago, N. (1991). Levonorgestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol Study with behavioral and reproductive assessment of the offspring (Seg II-Rat). Oyo Yakuri (Japanese) PHARMACOMETRICS, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 327-340.
  • Kwarta, R.F., Jr., Hemm, R.D., Pollock, J.J., Christian M.S., Usui, T., Suzuki, M., Yago, N. (1991). Levonorgestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol study of developmental toxicity in rabbits. Oyo Yakuri (Japanese) PHARMACOMETRICS, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 341-349.
  • Kwarta, R.F., Jr., Hemm, R.D., Pollock, J.J., Christian M.S., Usui T., Suzuki, M., Yago, N. (1991). Levonorgestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol preimplantation reproduction study with behavioral and reproductive assessment of the offspring (Seg I-Phase II-Female Rat). Oyo Yakuri (Japanese) PHARMACOMETRICS, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 351-363.

  • Lochry, E.A., Christian, M.S. (1991). Behavioral evaluations in reproductive safety assessments. J. AMER. COLL. TOXICOL. 10(5):585-591.
  • Hoberman, A.M., DeProspo, J.R., Lochry, E.A., Christian, M.S. (1990). Developmental toxicity study of orally administered lithium hypochlorite in rats. J. AMER. COLL. TOXICOL., 9:3, pp.367-379.
  • Christian, M.S. (1990). Differences in international regulatory needs and approaches, J. AMER. COLL. TOXICOL., Vol. 9:1, pp.21-25.
  • Hoberman, A.M., Deprospo, J., Jr., Lochry, E.A., Christian, M.S. (1990). Developmental toxicity study of orally administered lithium hypochlorite in rats. J. AMER. COLL. TOXICOL. 9:367-379.
  • Christian, M.S., Hoberman, A.M. (1989). Current in vivo reproductive toxicity and development toxicity (teratology) test methods. In: A Guide to General Toxicology, 2nd, revised edition (Karger continuing education series, Vol. 5) (Marquis, J.A. ed.), Karger, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 91-99.
  • Gibson, W.B., Nolen, G.A., Christian, M.S. (1989). Determination of the developmental toxicity potential of butoxypropanol in rabbits after topical administration. FUND. APPL. TOXICOL. 13:359-365.
  • Johnson, E.M., Christian, M.S., Hoberman, A.M., DeMarco, C.J., Kilper, R., Mermelstein, R. (1988) Developmental toxicology investigation of tellurium. FUND. APPL. TOXICOL. 11, 691-702.
  • Johnson, E.M., Bellet, E.M., Christian, M.S., Hoberman, A.M. (1988). The hazard identification and animal NOEL phases of developmental toxicity risk estimation: A case study employing dinoseb. ADVANCES IN MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, 15:123-132.
  • Lochry, E.A., Hoberman, A.M., Christian, M.S. (1988). Use of developmental landmarks in developmental toxicity screens. TERATOLOGY 35(5). 525A.
  • Lu, C.C., Mull, R.L., Lochry, E.A., Christian, M.S. (1988). Developmental variation of the diaphragm and liver in Fisher 344 Rats. TERATOLOGY 37(6):571-575.
  • Johnson, E.M., Christian, M.S., Hoberman, A.M., DeMarco, C.J. et al. (1988). Developmental toxicology investigation of tellurium. FUND. APPL. TOXICOL. 11(4):691-702.
  • Christian, M.S. (1988). The use and misuse of non-mammalian systems for estimating teratologic and embryotoxic risks. TERATOLOGY 38:543.(A)
  • Johnson, E.M., Christian, M.S., Dansky, L., Gabel, B.E.G. (1987). Use of the adult developmental relationship in prescreening for developmental hazards. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 7:273-285.
  • Lochry, E.A., Hoberman, A.M., Christian, M.S. (1986). Standardization and application of behavioral teratology screens. IN: Third International Conference on Safety Evaluation and Regulation of Chemicals, (Homburger, F., ed.) Karger, Basel, 1984, pp. 49-61.
  • Johnson, E.M., Gabel, B.E.G., Christian M.S., Sica, E. (1986). The developmental toxicity of xylene and xylene isomers in the hydra assay. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY, 82, pp. 323-328.
  • Christian, M.S. (1986). A critical review of multigeneration studies. J. AMER. COLL. TOXICOL. 5(2):161-180.
  • Johnson, E.M., Christian, M.S. (1985). The Hydra assay for detecting and ranking developmental hazards. Concepts in Toxicology (Homburger, F. and Goldberg, A.M, eds.), Vol. 3, In Vitro Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity Tests; Karger, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 107-113.
  • Christian, M.S. (Reviewer). Health Assessment Document for Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene). Final Report (July 1985). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment Research Triangle Park, NC.
  • Lochry, E.A., Hoberman, A.M., Christian, M.S. (1985). Detection of prenatal effects on learning as a function of differential criteria. NEUROBEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY, 2:697-701.
  • Goeke, J.E., Hoberman, A.M., Christian, M.S. (1984). Quality assurance validation of computerized toxicology data. J. AMER. COLL. TOXICOL. 3(2):121-124.
  • Johnson, E.M., Christian, M.S. (1984). When is a teratology study not an evaluation of teratogenicity? J. AMER. COLL. TOXICOL. 3(6):431-434.
  • Christian, M.S., Voytek, P.E. (1983). In vivo reproductive and mutagenicity tests. In: Karger Continuing Education Series, Volume 5, A Guide to Toxicology, (Homburger, F., Hayes, J.A. And Pelikam E.W., eds.) Karger, Basel, pp. 294-325.
  • Christian, M.S., Galbraith, W., Mehlman, M.A., Voytek, P., Eds. (1983). Assessment of Reproductive and Teratogenic Hazards, Volume III: Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology (Mehlman, M., ed.), Princeton Scientific Publishers, Inc., Princeton, 160 pages.
  • Christian, M.S. (1983). Assessment of reproductivity toxicity - "State of the Art". In: Assessment of Reproductive and Teratogenic Hazards (Christian, M.S., Galbraith, W., Mehlman, M.A. and Voytek, P., Eds.), Volume III, Advances In Modern Environmental Toxicology (Mehlman, M. Ed.), Princeton Scientific Publishers, Inc., Princeton, pp. 65-76.
  • Christian, M.S. (1983). Reproduction and Teratology Studies - Unique Requirements for Generation, Interpretation and Reporting. DRUG INFORMATION JOURNAL, 17(3):163-170